Diabetic foot care is an essential aspect of managing diabetes, as high blood sugar levels over time can damage nerves (diabetic neuropathy) and reduce blood flow to the feet (peripheral arterial disease). These changes make the feet more vulnerable to injuries, infections, ulcers, and, in severe cases, amputations. Proper foot care can significantly reduce the risk of complications, improve quality of life, and preserve mobility in people with diabetes.

Why Foot Care Is Important in Diabetes

Diabetes affects the feet in multiple ways. Nerve damage reduces sensation, meaning small injuries can go unnoticed, while poor circulation slows healing. This combination increases the risk of infections that may spread quickly. Regular foot care helps in early detection of problems and prevention of serious complications.

Common Foot Problems in Diabetes

• Diabetic neuropathy: Loss of sensation, tingling, or burning in the feet due to nerve damage.
• Peripheral arterial disease: Narrowing of blood vessels, leading to poor circulation.
• Foot ulcers: Open sores that may become infected.
• Infections: Bacterial or fungal infections affecting the skin, nails, or deeper tissues.
• Corns and calluses: Thickened skin caused by repeated pressure or friction.
• Ingrown toenails: Nails growing into the surrounding skin, causing pain and infection risk.
• Charcot foot: Weakening of the bones, leading to deformity if untreated.

Daily Foot Care Routine

A consistent daily routine can help keep the feet healthy and prevent complications.

• Inspect feet daily: Use a mirror or ask someone to check for cuts, redness, swelling, blisters, or nail changes.
• Wash feet daily: Use lukewarm water and mild soap. Dry thoroughly, especially between toes.
• Moisturize: Apply lotion to keep skin soft, avoiding the spaces between toes to prevent fungal growth.
• Check shoes before wearing: Ensure there are no pebbles, sharp objects, or seams that could cause friction.
• Wear clean, dry socks: Preferably cotton or moisture-wicking materials; avoid tight elastic bands.
• Trim toenails carefully: Straight across to prevent ingrown nails; use a nail file for sharp edges.

Protecting the Feet

Preventive measures reduce the risk of injury and infection.

• Always wear footwear: Avoid walking barefoot, even indoors.
• Choose supportive shoes: Properly fitted shoes with cushioning and arch support.
• Use diabetic shoes or orthotics: These reduce pressure points and prevent skin breakdown.
• Protect from extreme temperatures: Avoid heating pads, hot water bottles, or direct exposure to cold.
• Maintain good blood circulation: Elevate feet when sitting, avoid crossing legs for long periods, and do gentle foot exercises.

Medical Care for Diabetic Feet

Regular professional evaluation is crucial for prevention and treatment.

• Annual foot exam: All diabetic patients should have a comprehensive foot check at least once a year.
• Frequent monitoring for high-risk patients: Those with a history of ulcers or poor circulation may need checkups every 1–3 months.
• Wound care: Early treatment of cuts, blisters, or sores to prevent infections.
• Debridement: Removal of dead or infected tissue from ulcers by a healthcare professional.
• Antibiotic therapy: Prescribed if there are signs of infection.
• Vascular assessment: Checking blood flow and considering surgical interventions if necessary.

Warning Signs to Watch For

Seek immediate medical attention if you notice:

• Persistent pain, swelling, or redness.
• Open sores, ulcers, or blisters that do not heal quickly.
• Black or blue skin indicating poor blood flow.
• Signs of infection such as pus, warmth, or foul odor.
• Sudden changes in foot shape (possible Charcot foot).

Home Care Tips for Diabetic Feet

• Maintain optimal blood sugar control to prevent nerve and blood vessel damage.
• Adopt a balanced diet and regular exercise to improve circulation.
• Quit smoking, as it worsens circulation problems.
• Keep feet warm, but avoid direct heat sources.
• Address minor foot problems early before they worsen.

Prevention Strategies

• Educate yourself about diabetic foot risks and care techniques.
• Schedule regular podiatrist visits, especially if you have existing foot problems.
• Wear proper footwear designed for diabetes-related foot protection.
• Follow a strict daily foot inspection and hygiene routine.